Seniority in quantum many-body systems. I. Identical particles in a single shell

A discussion of the seniority quantum number in many-body systems is presented. The analysis is carried out for bosons and fermions simultaneously but is restricted to identical particles occupying a single shell. The emphasis of the paper is on the possibility of {\em partial} conservation of seniority which turns out to be a peculiar property of spin-9/2 fermions but prevalent in systems of interacting bosons of any spin. Partial conservation of seniority is at the basis of the existence of seniority isomers, frequently observed in semi-magic nuclei, and also gives rise to peculiar selection rules in one-nucleon transfer reactions.Comment: 41 pages, 7 figures, 1 tables, submitted to Annals of Physic

Role of tip size, orientation, and structural relaxations in first-principles studies of magnetic exchange force microscopy and spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy

Using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), we investigate the exchange interaction between a magnetic tip and a magnetic sample which is detected in magnetic exchange force microscopy (MExFM) and also occurs in spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM) experiments. As a model tip-sample system, we choose Fe tips and one monolayer Fe on W(001) which exhibits a checkerboard antiferromagnetic structure and has been previously studied with both SP-STM and MExFM. We calculate the exchange forces and energies as a function of tip-sample distance using different tip models ranging from single Fe atoms to Fe pyramids consisting of up to 14 atoms. We find that modelling the tip by a single Fe atom leads to qualitatively different tip-sample interactions than using clusters consisting of several atoms. Increasing the cluster size changes the calculated forces quantitatively enhancing the detectable exchange forces. Rotating the tip with respect to the surface unit cell has only a small influence on the tip-sample forces. Interestingly, the exchange forces on the tip atoms in the nearest and next-nearest layers from the apex atom are non-negligible and can be opposite to that on the apex atom for a small tip. In addition, the apex atom interacts not only with the surface atoms underneath but also with nearest-neighbors in the surface. We find that structural relaxations of tip and sample due to their interaction depend sensitively on the magnetic alignment of the two systems. As a result the onset of significant exchange forces is shifted towards larger tip-sample separations which facilitates their measurement in MExFM. At small tip-sample separations, structural relaxations of tip apex and surface atoms can either enhance or reduce the magnetic contrast measured in SP-STMComment: 14 pages, 13 figure

Drain Voltage Scaling in Carbon Nanotube Transistors

While decreasing the oxide thickness in carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs) improves the turn-on behavior, we demonstrate that this also requires scaling the range of the drain voltage. This scaling is needed to avoid an exponential increase in Off-current with drain voltage, due to modulation of the Schottky barriers at both the source and drain contact. We illustrate this with results for bottom-gated ambipolar CNFETs with oxides of 2 and 5 nm, and give an explicit scaling rule for the drain voltage. Above the drain voltage limit, the Off-current becomes large and has equal electron and hole contributions. This allows the recently reported light emission from appropriately biased CNFETs.Comment: 4 pages, 4 EPS figure, to appear in Appl. Phys. Lett. (issue of 15 Sept 2003

Unexpected Scaling of the Performance of Carbon Nanotube Transistors

We show that carbon nanotube transistors exhibit scaling that is qualitatively different than conventional transistors. The performance depends in an unexpected way on both the thickness and the dielectric constant of the gate oxide. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations provide a consistent understanding of the scaling, which reflects the very different device physics of a Schottky barrier transistor with a quasi-one-dimensional channel contacting a sharp edge. A simple analytic model gives explicit scaling expressions for key device parameters such as subthreshold slope, turn-on voltage, and transconductance.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Moderately Discontinuous Algebraic Topology for Metric Subanalytic Germs

We have developed both a homology theory and a homotopy theory in the context of metric subanalytic germs (see Definition 2.1). The former is called MD homology and is covered in Chapter 2, which contains a paper that is joined work with my PhD advisors Javier Fernández de Bobadilla and María Pe Pereira and with Edson Sam- paio. The latter is called MD homotopy and is covered in Chapter 3. Both theories are functors from a category of germs of metric subanalytic spaces (resp. germs of metric subanalytic spaces that are punctured in a way that will be defined) to a cat- egory of commutative diagrams of groups. For the concrete definition of the domain categories see Definition 2.10 and Definition 3.47 respectively; for the target categories see Definition 2.42 and Definition 3.52 respectively. Similarly to classical homology and homotopy theories, the groups appearing in the target category are abelian in the homology theory for any degree and in the homotopy theory for degree n > 1

Structurally-driven magnetic state transition of biatomic Fe chains on Ir(001)

Using first-principles calculations, we demonstrate that the magnetic exchange interaction and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of biatomic Fe chains grown in the trenches of the 5x1 reconstructed Ir(001) surface depend sensitively on the atomic arrangement of the Fe atoms. Two structural configurations have been considered which are suggested from recent experiments. They differ by the local symmetry and the spacing between the two strands of the biatomic Fe chain. Since both configurations are very close in total energy they may coexist in experiment. We have investigated collinear ferro- and antiferromagnetic solutions as well as a collinear state with two moments in one direction and one in the opposite direction (up-down-up-state). For the structure with a small interchain spacing, there is a strong exchange interaction between the strands and the ferromagnetic state is energetically favorable. In the structure with larger spacing, the two strands are magnetically nearly decoupled and exhibit antiferromagnetic order along the chain. In both cases, due to hybridization with the Ir substrate the exchange interaction along the chain axis is relatively small compared to freestanding biatomic iron chains. The easy magnetization axis of the Fe chains also switches with the structural configuration and is out-of-plane for the ferromagnetic chains with small spacing and along the chain axis for the antiferromagnetic chains with large spacing between the two strands. Calculated scanning tunneling microscopy images and spectra suggest the possibility to experimentally distinguish between the two structural and magnetic configurations.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review